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SOY NOTES

For a full discussion of all issues and complete citations, see The Whole Soy Story, by Kaayla T. Daniel (New Trends, 2004)

1. P. Golbitz, "Traditional Soyfoods: Processing and Products," J Nutr 125 (1995): 570S-572S.
2. Janet L. Christian, Janet L. Greger, Nutrition for Living, 4th ed. (Redwood City, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 1994): A9-A41.
3. Information about soy and agriculture can be found in Nutritional Anthropology (Liss, 1987) edited by Francis Johnston. For the history of miso, soy sauce, tempeh, tofu and other products see William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi's The Book of Miso (Ten Speed Press, 1976) The Book of Tofu (Ballentine, 1979) and The Book of Tempeh (Ten Speed Press, 1979). Information about the history of soy, including modern manufacturing processes can be found in KeShun Liu's Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization (Aspen, 1999).
4. William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi, "The History of Soybean Crushing: Soy Oil and Soybean Meal," in The History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: Past, Present and Future (unpublished manuscript). Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, CA.
5. William Shurtleff, Chronology of Soymilk Worldwide: Part I: 220 AD to 1949, Special Exhibit, Museum of Soy (2001): www.thesoydailyclub.com/mossoymilk/mossoymilk1.asp.
6. R. A. Guy, "The Diets of Nursing Mothers and Young Children in Peiping," Chinese Med J 50 (1936): 434-442.
7. R. A. Guy, K. S. Yeh, "Roasted Soybean in Infant Feeding," Chinese Med J 54, no. 2 (1938): 101-110.
8. R. A. Guy, K. S. Yeh, "Soybean 'Milk' as a Food for Young Infants," Chinese Med J 54, no. 1 (1938): 1-30.
9. H. W. Miller, "Survey of Soyfoods in East Asia," Soybean Digest (June 1948): 22-23. Summarized in William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, Bibliography and Sourcebook on Seventh Day Adventists, 1866-1992 (Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods Center): 74.
10. Ernest Tso, "The Development of an Infant Fed Eight Months on a Soybean Milk Diet," Chinese J Physiol 2, no.1 (1928): 33-40.
11. C. Y. Chou, "Studies on the Use of Soybean Food in Infant Feeding in China and the Development of Formula," unpublished manuscript in the possession of Bernard Zimmerli at the Federal Office of Health, Berne, Switzerland (1983).
12. See Note 6.
13. See Note 7.
14. See Note 8.
15. Toxicologist Michael Fitzpatrick, PhD, as quoted by the Soy Information Network Newsletter (5 March 1996): 6-7.
16. KeShun Liu, Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization (Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1999): 379-411.
17. David R. Erickson, ed., Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization (Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1995).
18. A. Visser, A. Thomas, "Review: Soya Protein Products-Their Processing, Functionality and Application Aspects," Food Rev Inter 3, nos. 1 & 2 (1987): 220, 1-32.
19. Zeki Berk, "Technology of Production of Edible Flours and Protein Products from Soybeans," Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, FAO Bulletin (1992): 24.
20. See Note 16: 425-436.
21. Ibid.: 386-388.
22. E. W. Lusas, K. C. Rhee, "Soybean Protein Processing and Utilization," in Erickson. See Note 17: 138-146.
23. "Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Soy Protein Isolates as Food Ingredients," SCOGS-101, prepared for Bureau of Foods, US Food and Drug Administration, by the Life Sciences Research Office (FASEB) (1979).
24. J. J. Rackis, "Biologically Active Components," in Allan K. Smith, Sidney J. Circle, eds., Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology 1 (Westport, CT: Avi Publishing, 1972): 159-189.
25. I. E. Liener, M. L. Kakade, "Protease Inhibitors," in I. E. Liener, ed., Toxic Constituents in Plant Foodstuffs (New York: Academic Press, 1980): 7-71.
26. I. E. Liener, "Trypsin Inhibitors: Concern for Human Nutrition or Not?," J Nutr 116, no. 5 (1986): 921.
27. R. L. Anderson, W. J. Wolfe, "Composition Changes in Trypsin Inhibitors, Phytic Acid, Saponins and Isoflavones Related to Soybean Processing," J Nutr 125 (1995): 581S-588S.
28. J. J. Rackis, M. R. Gumbmann, "Protease Inhibitors: Physiological Properties and Nutritional Significance," in Robert L. Ory, ed., Antinutrients and Natural Toxicants in Foods (Westport, CT: Food and Nutrition Press, 1981): 203-238.
29. N. R. Reddy, S. K. Sathe, eds., Food Phytates (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002).
30. R. F. Hurrell et al., "Soy Protein, Phytate and Iron Absorption in Humans," Am J Clin Nutr 56, no. 3 (1992): 573-578.
31. B. Lonnerdal et al., "Effects of Phytate Removal on Zinc Absorption from Soy Formula," Am J Clin Nutr 48, no. 5 (1988): 1301-1306.
32. L. Davidsson et al., "Iron Bioavailability Studied in Infants: The Influence of Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid in Infant Formulas Based on Soy Isolate," Pediatr Res 36, no. 6 (1994): 816-822.
33. J. D. Cook et al., "The Inhibitory Effects of Soy Products on Non-Heme Absorption in Man," Am J Clin Nutr 34, no. 12 (1981): 2622-2629.
34. N. S. Shaw et al., "A Vegetarian Diet Rich in Soybean Products Compromises Iron Status in Young Students," J Nutr 125 (1995): 212-219.
35. Arpad Pusztai, Plant Lectins (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
36. P. Seeman et al., "Structure of Membrane Holes in Osmotic and Saponin Hemolysis," J Cell Biol 56, no. 2 (1973): 519-527.
37. L. K. Massey et al., "Oxalate Content of Soybean Seeds (Glycine Max: Leguminosae), Soyfoods and Other Edible Legumes," J Agric Food Chem 49, no. 9 (2001): 4262-4266.
38. Clive Solomon, "Low Oxalate Treatment," www.vulvarpainfoundation.org/lowoxalatetreatment.htm. Click on "Treatments."
39. F. L. Suarez et al., "Gas Production in Humans Ingesting a Soybean Flour Derived from Beans Naturally Low in Oligosaccharides," Am J Clin Nutr 69, no. 1 (1999): 135-139.
40. A. Visser, A. Thomas, "Review: Soya Protein Products, Their Processing, Functionality and Application Aspects," Food Rev Inter 3, nos. 1 & 2 (1987): 1-32.
41. See Note 27.
42. See Note 28.
43. R. W. Peace et al., "Trypsin Inhibitor Levels in Soy-Based Infant Formulas and Commercial Soy Protein Isolates and Concentrates," Food Res Int 25 (1992): 137-141.
44. P. C. Billings et al., "Protease Inhibitor Content of Human Dietary Samples," Nutr Cancer 14, no. 2 (1990): 85-93.
45. A. R. Kennedy, "The Bowman-Birk Inhibitor from Soybeans as an Anticarcinogenic Agent," Am J Clin Nutr 68, suppl. (1998): 1406S-1412S.
46. G. S. Sidhu, D. G. Oakenfull, "A Mechanism for the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Saponins," Br J Nutr 7, no. 55 (1986): 643.
47. A. V. Rao, M. K. Sung, "Saponins as Anticarcinogens," J Nutr 125 (1995): 717S-724S.
48. R. Doyle, K. Keller, "Lectins in Diagnostic Microbiology," Eur J Clin Microbiol 3 (1983): 4-9.
49. A. M. Shamsuddin et al., "Novel Anti-Cancer Function of IP6: Growth Inhibition and Differentiation of Human Mammary Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro," Anticancer Res 16, no. 6A (1996): 3287-3292.
50. A. Baten et al., "Inositol-Phosphate Induced Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity Correlates with Tumor Suppression," Carcinogenesis 10, no. 9 (1989): 1595-1598.
51. M. Jenab, L. U. Thompson, "Role of Phytic Acid in Cancer and Other Diseases," in Reddy, Sathe. See Note 29: 225-248.
52. "FAO Food Allergies Report of the Technical Consultation of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome" (13-14 November 1995).
53. J. Bousquet et al., "Scientific Criteria and Selection of Allergenic Foods for Labeling," Allergy 53, suppl. 47 (1998): 3-21.
54. Barbara Keeler, "A Nation of Lab Rats," Sierra Club Magazine (July/August 2001).
55. T. Foucard, I. Malmheden-Yman, "A Study on Severe Food Reactions in Sweden-Is Soy Protein an Underestimated Cause of Food Anaphylaxis," Allergy 53, no. 3 (1999): 261-265.
56. Letter from Ingrid Malmheden-Yman, PhD, Senior Chemist, Swedish National Food Administration, Livsmedels Verket to Ministry of Health in New Zealand (30 May 1997), released under Official Information Act.
57. M. Fitzpatrick, "Soy Formulas and the Effects of Isoflavones on the Thyroid," NZ Med J 113, no. 1103 (2000): 24-26.
58. D. R. Doerge, "Inhibition of Thyroid Peroxidase by Dietary Flavonoids," Chem Res Toxicol 9 (1996): 16-23.
59. R. L. Divi et al., Anti-Thyroid Isoflavones from Soybean," Biochem Pharmacol 54 (1997): 1087-1096.
60. Committee On Toxicology, British Food Standards Agencies (UK), Draft report of the COT Working Group on Phytoestrogens, "4:Sources and Concentrations of Phytoestrogens in Foods and Estimated Dietary Intake." www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/webpage/cotphytoback.
61. M. A. Jabbar et al., "Abnormal Thyroid Function Test in Infants with Congenital Hypothyroidism: The Influence of Soy-Based Formula," J Am Coll Nutr 16 (1997): 280-282.
62. See Note 57.
63. C. H. G. Irvine et al., "Phytoestrogens in Soy-Based Infant Foods: Concentrations, Daily Intake and Possible Biological Effects," Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217 (1998): 247-253.
64. C. H. G. Irvine et al., "The Potential Adverse Effects of Soybean Phytoestrogens in Infant Feeding," NZ Med J 24 (1995): 318.
65. R. M. Sharpe et al., "Infant Feeding with Soy Formula Milk: Effects on the Testis and on Blood Testosterone Levels in Marmoset Monkeys During the Period of Neonatal Testicular Activity," Hum Repro 17, no. 7 (2002): 1692-1703.
66. P. L. Whitten et al., "Potential Adverse Effects of Phytoestrogens," J Nutr 125 (1995): 771S-776S.
67. See Note 60: "5: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Phytoestrogens."
68. R. B. Clarkson et al., "Estrogen Soybean Isoflavones and Chronic Disease: Risks and Benefits," Trends, Endocrinol Metab 6 (1995): 11-16.
69. R. S. Kaldas, C. L. Hughes, "Reproductive and General Metabolic Effects of Phytoestrogens in Mammals," Repr Toxicol 3 (1989): 81-89.
70. See Note 63.
71. R. Santti R et al., "Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disrupters in Males," Toxicol Envir Health 14, nos. 1 & 2 (1998): 223-237.
72. L. S. Frawley, J. D. Neill, "Age-Related Changes in Serum Levels of Gonadotropins and Testosterone in Infantile Male Rhesus Monkeys," Biol Repro 20 (1979): 1147-1151.
73. D. R. Mann et al., "Blockade of Neonatal Activation of the Pituitary Testicular Axis: Effect on Peripubertal Lutenizing Hormone and Testosterone Secretion and on Testicular Development in Male Monkeys," J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68 (1989): 600-607.
74. J. S. D. Winter et al., "Pituitary-Gonadal Relations in Infancy: Patterns of Serum Gonadal Steroid Concentrations in Man from Birth to Two Years of Age," J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42 (1976): 679-686.
75. I. L. Sedimeyer, M. R. Palmert, "Delayed Puberty: Analysis of a Large Case Series from an Academic Center," J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87, no. 4 (2002): 1613-1620.
76. J. Hutson, M. Baker, "Hormonal Control of Testicular Descent and the Cause of Cryptorchidism," Repr Fert Dev 6 (1994): 151-156.
77. R. Sharpe, N. Shakkeback, "Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract?," Lancet 341 (1993): 1292-1395.
78. J. Auger et al., "Decline in Semen Quality Among Fertile Men in Paris During the Past 20 Years," NEJM 332, no. 5 (1995): 281-285.
79. Richard Sharpe, MD, as quoted by Aileen Ballantyne in "Why Our Men Are Getting Less Fertile," London Times (29 August 1995).
80. See Note 64.
81. See Note 74.
82. See Note 73.
83. Herman Giddens et al., "Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice," Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network 99, no. 4 (1997): 505-512.
84. Peter Montague, "The Obscenity of Accelerated Child Development," Ecologist 28, no. 3 (1993): 140-142.
85. L. Zacharias, R. J. Wurtman, "Age at Menarche," NEJM 280, no. 16 (1969): 868-875. This article includes results reported in N. Michaelson, "Studies in Physical Development of Negroes: IV. Onset of Puberty," Am J Phys Anthropol 2 (1944): 151-166.
86. C. L. Fenton, M. Poth, "Precocious Pseudopuberty," eMedicine 2, no. 5 (2001): www.emedicine.com.
87. See Note 64.
88. B. L. Strom et al., "Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy and Endocrinological and Reproductive Outcomes in Young Adulthood," JAMA 286, no. 7 (2001): 897-814.
89. L. R. Goldman et al., "Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy," letter to the editor, JAMA 286, no. 19 (2001): 2402-2403.
90. M. Silva, E. C. Reynolds, "Fluoride Content of Infant Formulae in Australia," Austr Dent J 41, no. 1 (1996): 37-42.
91. S. J. Fomon, J. Ekstrand, "Fluoride Intake by Infants," J Public Health Dent 59, no. 4 (1999): 229-234.
92. R. Weintraub et al., "High Aluminum Content of Infant Milk Formulas." Arch Dis Child 61 (1986): 914-916.
93. W. W. K. Koo et al., "Aluminum Contamination of Infant Formulas," J Parenteral Enterol Nutr 12 (1988): 170-173.
94. N. M. Hawkins et al., "Potential Aluminum Toxicity in Infants Fed Special Infant Formula, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 19, no. 4 (1994): 377-381.
95. T. T. Tran et al., "Effect of High Dietary Manganese Intake of Neonatal Rats on Tissue Mineral Accumulation, Striatal Dopamine Levels and Neurodevelopmental Status," Neurotoxicol 23 (2002): 635-643.
96. T. T. Trans et al., "Effects of Neonatal Dietary Manganese Exposure on Brain Dopamine Levels and Neurocognitive Function," Neurotoxicol 23 (2002): 645-651.
97. D. Stasny et al., "Manganese Intake and Serum Manganese Concentration of Human Milk-Fed and Formula Fed Infants," Am J Clin Nutr 39, no. 6 (1984): 872-878.
98. P. J. Collipp et al., "Manganese in Infant Formulas and Learning Disability," Ann Nutr Metab 27 (1983): 488-494.
99. See Note 63.
100. A. A. Franke et al., "Daidzein and Genistein Concentrations in Human Milk After Soy Consumption," Clin Chem 42 (1996): 955-964.
101. K. D. R. Setchell et al., "Exposure of Infants to Phyto-Oestrogens from Soy-Based Infant Formula," Lancet 350, no. 9070 (1997): 23-27.
102. K. B. Declos et al., "Effects of Dietary Genistein Exposure During Development on Male and Female DC (Sprague-Dawley) Rats," Repro Toxicol 15, no. 6 (2001): 647-663.
103. K. North, J. Golding, ALSPAC Study Team, "A Maternal Vegetarian Diet in Pregnancy Is Associated with Hypospadias," BJU Inter 85 (2000): 107-113.
104. R. J. Apfel, S. M. Fischer, To Do No Harm: DES and the Dilemmas of Modern Medicine (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984).
105. K. D. R. Setchell, "Naturally Occurring Non-Steroidal Estrogens of Dietary Origin," in John A. McLachlan, ed., Estrogens in the Environment (New York: Elsevier, 1985).
106. E. M. Bickoff et al., "Relative Potencies of Several Estrogen-Like Compounds Found in Forages," Agri Food Chem 10 (1962): 410.
107. David J. Woodhams, "Nutritional Deficiencies in Soy Protein-based Infant Formulas," paper presented to the New Zealand Ministry of Health (5 March 1995).
108. R. R. Newbold et al., "Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Mice Treated Prenatally with Genistein," Cancer Res 61 (2001): 4325-4328.
109. L. Markiewicz et al., "In Vitro Bioassays of Non-Steroidal Phytoestrogens," J Steroids Biochem Mol Biol 45, no. 5 (1993): 399-405.
110. Sally Fallon, "Table: Phytoestrogens in Diets of Infants and Adults," Wise Traditions 2, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 53. www.westonaprice.org/soy/dangersisoflavones.html.
111. D. M. Sheehan, "Isoflavone Content of Breast Milk and Soy Formulas: Benefits and Risks," letter to the editor, Clin Chem 43 (1997): 850.

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